What is Canine Spondylosis? A Guide for Pet Owners
- Dr Andrew Matole, BVetMed, MSc
- 1 day ago
- 13 min read
Introduction
Canine spondylosis, or spondylosis deformans, is a common chronic degenerative condition affecting the spines of aging dogs, leading to pain and mobility issues. As a dog owner, understanding spondylosis is essential for effective prevention and management. Studies indicate that nearly 70% of older dogs exhibit some signs of spinal degeneration, making awareness crucial for enhancing their well-being. Although it often develops without noticeable symptoms, it can sometimes lead to discomfort, reduced mobility, and neurological complications.
What is canine spondylosis?
Canine spondylosis, or spondylosis deformans, is the progressive degenerative disorder of the spine that primarily affects the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. This condition is characterized by the formation of bony growths known as osteophytes along the edges of the vertebrae. These bone spurs develop as a result of the body's attempt to stabilize the spine due to intervertebral disc degeneration or instability (Bruecker & Seim, 1987).
Over time, the bony bridges can span the intervertebral spaces, sometimes fusing adjacent vertebrae. These growths can then lead to stiffness, pain, and, in severe cases, neurological issues due to spinal cord compression. For instance, research demonstrates that up to 40% of dogs may experience mobility challenges related to this condition as they age.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of spondylosis involves the gradual deterioration of intervertebral discs. Spondylosis results from chronic mechanical stress on the vertebral column, often due to the degeneration of intervertebral discs. As dogs age, these discs lose hydration and elasticity, resulting in decreased disc height and the vertebral segments become unstable leading to abnormal spinal movement and increased stress on the vertebrae. The stress triggers the formation of osteophytes, calcium deposits along the ventral (underside) aspect of the vertebrae to stabilize the spine (De Risio & Thomas, 2015). This process can result in stiffness, reduced range of motion, and, in severe cases, nerve compression if the osteophytes impinge on the spinal cord or nerve roots when they encroach into the spinal canal. Ironically, while these bone spurs (osteophytes) may be nature's attempt to stabilize the spine, they can cause significant pain and potentially compress the spinal cord and nerve roots, leading to further complications.
Predisposition
Certain breeds and age groups are more prone to spondylosis. Older dogs generally face a higher risk due to the natural aging process. Breeds such as Dachshunds, Bulldogs, and Labrador Retrievers show a higher incidence of this condition. For example, surveys indicate that over 50% of Dachshunds may possess genetic predispositions that make them more vulnerable to spinal disorders.
Additionally, previous spinal injuries, obesity, and dogs that have experienced back pain are also at increased risk. Being mindful of these factors can help in early detection and management.
Breeds and conditions that predispose dogs to the spondylosis include:
Large and giant breeds: e.g., German Shepherds, Boxers, and Dobermans
Older age: Common in dogs over 6 years (Kerwin, 2007)
Genetics: Some breeds have a hereditary tendency, e.g., dachshunds
Dachshund Previous spinal injuries
Poor physical condition or obesity: Increases strain on the spine
Causes
The main causes of spondylosis include chronic wear on the spine, age, and genetics. As dogs grow older, their spines undergo degenerative changes, including reduced moisture content and loss of disc height. Obesity, repeated injuries, and trauma from falls are also important factors in its growth. Overweight dogs are up to 5 times more likely to develop spinal issues compared to their healthy-weight counterparts. Other factors, such as inadequate nutrition and a lack of regular exercise, can weaken the musculoskeletal system, detracting from spinal health.
Therefore, in summary, the primary causes of spondylosis in dogs are:
Aging and natural spinal degeneration
Repetitive mechanical stress (e.g., working or athletic dogs)
Trauma or past spinal injuries
Congenital spinal malformations
Surgical interventions that alter spinal biomechanics
Clinical Signs
Canine spondylosis can manifest in various ways, depending on the severity of the condition. Many dogs with spondylosis are asymptomatic, and the condition is often diagnosed incidentally on radiographs taken for other reasons. Common clinical signs include:
Reduced activity and flexibility: Affected dogs may show less interest in playing or exercising.
Difficulty with movement: Such symptoms can include reluctance to jump or climb, or pain when jumping or climbing stairs.
Stiffness or lameness: A stiff gait is often observed, particularly after periods of rest.
Behavioural changes: Dogs might exhibit back pain, irritability, or aggression when touched near the spine.
Muscle atrophy occurs along the spine due to reduced movement and compensatory behavior.
Neurological deficits (in advanced cases): In severe cases, if spinal cord compression occurs, dogs may show signs of weakness, lack of coordination, or even paralysis.
Note: The clinical signs observed do not always correspond to the severity of the radiographic findings (McKee, 1992).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is primarily determined through radiography, which reveals bony spurs or bridging osteophytes. In cases where nerve involvement is suspected, it may be necessary to conduct MRI or CT scans for detailed imaging of the spinal cord. A full neurologic and orthopedic examination is also crucial.
Management
Effective management of canine spondylosis focuses on pain relief, improving mobility, and enhancing quality of life. Strategies can include:
1. Pain Management
Veterinarians typically prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. If the pain is severe, veterinarians may recommend corticosteroids.
NSAIDs (e.g., carprofen, meloxicam) to reduce inflammation and pain
Gabapentin or tramadol for neuropathic pain
Joint supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin
Weight management to reduce strain on the spine
2. Physical Therapy (Rehabilitation)
Physical therapy is essential for treating spondylosis. Techniques such as
Massage,
Hydrotherapy,
Physiotherapy and stretching, targeted exercises, can strengthen core muscles and enhance flexibility. These regular gentle movements are essential for reducing pain and maintaining overall mobility.
Laser therapy or acupuncture
3. Weight Management
Keeping dogs at a healthy weight is essential because excess pounds increase stress on their spines. A balanced diet, combined with portion control, can help dogs achieve and maintain an optimal body condition.
4. Surgical Options
If conservative treatments fail, surgery may be required. Surgery is rarely necessary, but it may be indicated in cases of spinal cord compression or neurological deficits that cannot be managed with conservative treatments. Options such as decompressive surgery or osteophyte removal are considered by veterinarians to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and improve mobility.
Prevention
While spondylosis is often related to aging, certain measures can help reduce the risk or delay its onset. To prevent canine spondylosis, one should focus on enhancing spinal health and reducing risk factors. Strategies to consider include :
Healthy Diet and Weight Control to Minimise Spinal Loading
Maintaining an ideal body weight is essential for preventing excessive stress on the spine and joints of adult female dogs. Overweight and obese dogs experience significantly greater mechanical loading on their vertebral column and limbs, which predisposes them to intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), osteoarthritis, and reduced mobility (Marshall et al., 2021). Obesity leads to increased intra-abdominal and mechanical pressure, which heightens the strain on spinal structures and soft tissues (German, 2016).
A balanced, portion-controlled diet formulated according to the dog’s life stage, size, and reproductive status helps prevent excessive weight gain. Spayed female dogs typically experience reduced metabolic rates and energy requirements, necessitating dietary adjustments to avoid gradual weight accumulation (Laflamme, 2012). CCaloric intake should be determined by multiplying the dog’s Resting Energy Requirement (RER) by an appropriate activity factor, while consistently monitoring through Body Condition Scoring (BCS) to achieve an ideal score of 4/9 to 5/9 (Laflamme, 1997).
Feeding a nutrient-dense, high-protein diet supports the maintenance of lean muscle mass, which is essential for stabilizing the spine and joints (Kealy et al., 2002). Regular low-impact exercise, such as controlled leash walks or swimming, enhances muscle tone and improves the range of motion in joints without causing undue stress on the skeletal system. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) derived from marine oils have anti-inflammatory effects that may reduce subclinical inflammation in the spine or joints and promote healthier connective tissues (Budsberg & Bartges, 2010). Adequate hydration and the avoidance of excessive carbohydrate-rich treats also help maintain metabolic and musculoskeletal health.
Joint Support Supplements in Senior Dogs or Breeds at Risk
With age, degenerative changes in articular cartilage and intervertebral discs become more pronounced, particularly in large or predisposed breeds such as German Shepherds, Labradors, and Dachshunds (Johnston, 1997). In these dogs, adding chondroprotective agents and anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals to their diet can support joint structure and function, slow the progression of osteoarthritis, and improve overall mobility.
Veterinary research has shown that the following supplements are important:
Glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate, which provide the structural precursors for glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis, aid in cartilage repair and improve joint lubrication (McCarthy et al., 2007).
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a source of organic sulfur essential for connective tissue formation and reduction of oxidative stress (Beale, 2004).
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) from fish oil modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting prostaglandins and reducing stiffness in arthritic joints (Roush et al., 2010).
Green-lipped mussel extract (Perna canaliculus), which is rich in omega-3 lipids, glycosaminoglycans, and antioxidants, has been shown to decrease clinical signs of arthritis and improve mobility scores (Meininger & Pineda, 2020).
Hyaluronic acid contributes to synovial fluid viscosity and cartilage resilience, enhancing shock absorption in the spine and joints (Moreau et al., 2003).
Antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 can further mitigate oxidative damage to joint tissues (Comblain et al., 2016). For the best results, supplements should be administered as part of a comprehensive management plan that includes veterinary supervision, weight management, physiotherapy, and controlled physical activity. Introducing joint support supplements early—especially for breeds that are genetically predisposed to musculoskeletal conditions—can help delay degenerative changes and maintain comfort and mobility in their later years.
Regular Exercise
Regular exercise plays a critical role in maintaining muscle tone, joint flexibility, and spinal stability for both adult and senior dogs. Muscular strength provides natural support to the vertebral column, reducing the risk of spinal disc herniation and postural strain (Millis & Levine, 2014). A regular exercise routine that is right for a dog's age, breed, and physical ability can help keep their muscles from wasting away and keep their joints lubricated by increasing the flow of synovial fluid (Millis et al., 2019).
Low-impact activities, such as swimming, hydrotherapy, or leash walking on flat terrain, are ideal for maintaining mobility without overstressing the joints or intervertebral discs. Swimming, in particular, provides buoyant resistance that strengthens the paraspinal and limb muscles while minimizing concussive forces (Monk, 2010). Gradual warm-ups and cool-downs are essential for reducing soft tissue strain and maintaining flexibility.
Exercise frequency should be regular but moderate—daily sessions of 20–40 minutes are typically effective—while avoiding excessive jumping, running on slippery surfaces, or repetitive stair use in breeds prone to spinal disorders (Worth & Brimblecombe, 2022). Veterinary physiotherapy programs and controlled rehabilitation exercises can further enhance strength and proprioception in dogs recovering from back or joint conditions.
Proper Supportive Bedding
Investing in orthopedic bedding provides significant relief for dogs with spinal or joint vulnerabilities by evenly distributing body weight and minimizing pressure points during rest (Gordon & Marcellin-Little, 2010). Memory foam or high-density orthopedic beds conform to the dog's body shape, reducing localized stress on the hips, shoulders, and vertebral column.
Proper bedding also helps maintain neutral spinal alignment, supporting healthy posture during sleep and rest periods (Innes et al., 2017). Elevated or reinforced edges can give extra support to the neck and lower back, which is especially good for older or arthritic dogs. To avoid sudden twisting or slipping when getting up, which could make back pain or injury worse, bedding should be placed on non-slip surfaces in a warm, quiet room.
Additionally, it is essential to maintain the cleanliness and dryness of bedding for skin health and comfort, as damp or uneven sleeping areas can increase stiffness and discomfort upon waking (Moreau et al., 2003). For dogs recovering from spinal injuries or surgery, using custom orthopedic mattresses or pressure-relieving pads can significantly enhance comfort and improve recovery outcomes when combined with veterinary-directed rehabilitation.
Early Recognition
Identifying early signs of back pain or mobility issues allows for prompt veterinary intervention, which is crucial for preventing the progression of disease. Early recognition allows clinicians to employ specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches prior to the onset of irreversible spinal or joint damage (Worth & Brimblecombe, 2022).
Common early indicators of spinal discomfort or joint compromise include reluctance to jump or climb stairs, stiffness after resting, altered gait, vocalization when being lifted, muscle atrophy along the back, and behavioral changes such as irritability and withdrawal (Webb et al., 2017). In female dogs, subtle changes in mobility can sometimes be mistaken for hormonal or behavioral issues, which may delay treatment. A routine physical examination and gait assessment by a veterinarian—especially for breeds predisposed to intervertebral disc disease or hip dysplasia—help ensure that early lesions or discomfort are identified before they progress to chronic pain or neurological impairment.
Advances in diagnostic imaging techniques, such as digital radiography and MRI, enable earlier detection of degenerative joint and disc disease (Brisson, 2010). Prompt management that includes weight control, physiotherapy, and nutritional or pharmacological interventions can significantly enhance patient outcomes and quality of life. Dog owners should be educated to recognize early signs of spondylosis deformans and encouraged to seek veterinary review as soon as they notice even minor gait or postural changes (Monteiro et al., 2019).
Prognosis of Spondylosis Deformans
The prognosis for dogs with spondylosis deformans is generally positive, particularly when the condition is detected early and managed appropriately. In most cases, spondylosis deformans is a benign, age-related change rather than a progressive, painful disease (Langeland et al., 2021). Many affected dogs remain asymptomatic throughout life and do not require aggressive treatment.
When clinical signs such as stiffness, mild back pain, or reduced mobility occur, they can often be effectively controlled through weight management, joint supplements, physiotherapy, and regular low-impact exercise (Worth & Brimblecombe, 2022). Only a small proportion of dogs, specifically those with severe vertebral bridging, nerve compression, or concurrent spinal disease, develop significant neurological deficits that require advanced medical or surgical intervention (Brisson, 2010).
Even in dogs that show symptoms, the long-term outlook remains positive when lifestyle adjustments and veterinary care are consistently implemented. With appropriate management, most affected dogs can enjoy an excellent quality of life and maintain normal activity levels well into old age (Webb et al., 2017).
Regular monitoring by a veterinarian, which includes periodic physical and neurological examinations, helps detect early changes and prevent complications. Dog owners should be encouraged to seek prompt evaluation if their pets show signs of pain, weakness, or difficulty rising.
Final Thoughts
Understanding canine spondylosis is essential for ensuring that your dog lives a long, active, and comfortable life. With early recognition, consistent management, and preventive care, most dogs diagnosed with spondylosis can continue to live happily with minimal discomfort.
By combining a balanced diet, gentle exercise, joint support supplements, and regular veterinary check-ups, pet owners can significantly improve their dogs’ mobility and overall well-being. Staying proactive not only protects your dog’s spine and joints but also preserves their spirit, keeping their tails wagging and hearts full for years to come.
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