Introduction Figure I: Kidney illustration Renal encephalopathy, also known as uraemic encephalopathy (UE), is a severe, life-threatening metabolic neurological disorder caused by advanced renal (kidney) failure. It occurs when the kidneys fail to filter out organic wastes, leading to an accumulation of uraemic toxins (nitrogenous toxins) in the blood and central nervous system (CNS). Besides, it also causes electrolyte imbalances, leading to metabolic acidosis, and often sys